Bell Ringer 4-16-12

Bellringer
The Steam Engine was the most important because it was a new and faster way to travel

Bellringer

1.They helped transport supplies and other things that the factories needed. Communication helped the ideas to spread faster.

2. The factory owners realized that they could pay women and children less money to work, so they started to get more jobs.

3. People started to move to bigger cities to work in factories instead of subsistent farming.

4. The machinery made work easier and faster for people to do. To do their job they only needed to know how to operate the machinery.

5. Some inventions caused people to think of new ideas and to change and improve them.

Agriculture and Industrial Revolution

• In the 1600's England had Subsistance Farming.
• Farming of which you grow only what your family needs.
• They only grow enough to feed their family for a year.
• The Enclosure Movement was a movement when they started fencing all of the Common Grounds off
• Common Ground- land owned by everyone
• People who were farming on the smaller grounds became Tennant farmers.
• If the couldnt become a Tennant farmer they were forced to move.
• A Gentlemen named Jethro Toll was concered about the amount of seed that was wasted by hand seeding.
• He invented the Seed Drill.
• They were planted in straight rows.
• Crop Rotation- you rotate your crops in the land you plant them in.
• They went from a wooden plow to a metal plow.
• They also created a replaceable plow so they didnt have to get a new plow they just had to change the blade.
• Cities had a larger population because people moved there looking for work.
•  Coal and Iron Ore were the two most popular natural resources in Great Britian at the time
• Natural Resources, land, and workers were the factors of production.
• River and water were inportant to Great Britian because they were used for food, transportation, and energy.
• Flooding and droughts were two disadvantages.
• Textile Industry- clothing
• People are making clothes by hand.
• They created a machine that could make making clothes easier.
• The steam engine is invented.
• Factories, boats, and locomotives are created.

Sir Thomas More

Sir Thomas More  February 1478 – 6 July 1535), also known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important councilor to Henry VIII of England and, for three years toward the end of his life, Lord Chancellor. He is recognized as a saint within the Catholic Church and is commemorated by the Church of England as a "Reformation martyr". He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and in particular of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.

Thomas More wrote the book Utopia published in 1516. He opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church and refused to accept the King as Supreme Head of the Church of England, a title which had been given by parliament through the Act of Supremacy of 1534. He was imprisoned in 1534 for his refusal to take the oath required by the First Succession Act, because the act disparaged papal power and Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In 1535, he was tried for treason.


In 1504 he was elected to Parliament to represent Great Yarmouth and in 1510 to represent London.From 1510, More served as one of the two undersheriffs of the City of London. More became Master of Requests in 1514, the same year in which he was appointed as a Councilor, a member of His Majesty's Most Honorable Council. After undertaking a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, accompanying Thomas Wolsey to Calais and Bruges, More was knighted and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer in 1521.

As secretary and personal adviser to King Henry VIII, More became increasingly influential in the government, welcoming foreign diplomats, drafting official documents, and serving as a liaison between the King and his Lord Chancellor: Thomas Wolsey, the Cardinal Archbishop of York.

In 1523 he was elected as knight of the shire, and  was elected the Speaker of the House of Commons.
Between 1512 and 1519, Thomas More worked on a History of King Richard III, which was never finished, but which greatly influenced William Shakespeare's play Richard III. Both More's and Shakespeare's works are controversial to contemporary historians for their unflattering portrait of King Richard III.


Aretmisia Gentileschi
She was praised and distained
She was the most important woman painter
Painted pictures of strong women and a self portrait


Martin Luther
He became a monk
He wrote the 95 theses


Prince Henry of Portugal
He was the third child of King John
He established a center of navigation and exploration


Miguel de Cervantes
Born in 1547
Died in 1616
Wrote the book Don Quixote


Louise Labe
She wrote 24 sonnets
She died in 1566
She was an author who encouraged women to write books


Filippo Brunelleschi
Designed and built a dome for the Florence Cathedral


Ambrose Pare
He was a French surgeon
He was a leader in battlefield medicine
He publish a book
He was the first to use bandages and design bandages


Pieter Brueghel
Painted the pesant dance a painting that relies on detail and realism

William Shakespear
He wrote the book Romeo and Juliet

Nicolas Copernicus
He published the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe

Andreas Vesalius
Gublished detailed descriptions of the human anatomy

Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was his full name. He was Italian painter, sculptor, archetect, poem, and engineer. He was considered one of the greatest living painters of all time. One of his greatest acheivements was his painting of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling. He is the first western artist who biography was published before he died. Born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese Tuscany, he was born into a family of bankers. Soon, the bank went bank bankrupt when his dad couldn't maintain the financial status. Soon, he decided to continue his career and be an artist. However rich I may have been, I have alwalys lived like a poor man.

Robert Hooke
Born in July 1635
Buuilt Greagorean telescopes
English philospher
help built london after the fire
Built the compound microscope

Nioccolo Nachiavelli
He lived his life for politicts
He wrote the book Prince

John Calvin
Born on July 10, 1509
He created Calvinism
Genovia became the center

Christopher Columbus
He was a italian navigator'
He traveled to the carribiean

Galilieo Galilei
Born in 1654 is Tuscany
Well know musician
Made a telescope with 32X magnification
He found Jupiters four moons
He was the first to record sun spots

Johannes Gutenberg
He was a german blacksmith and goldsmith
He introduced printed in Europe
He invinted movable printing press
Born in 1398

Leonardo da Vinci
He painted the Last Supper
He scetched tanks and cars

When Anne of Cleves was married to Henry, Kathryn Howard was his lady in waiting. She had actually been the maid of honor in their wedding. Henry and Kathryn were secretly married on July 28, 1540 while she was engaged to her cousin. Henry was 49 and she was 19. She lifted Henry's spirits and he gained a lot of weight. Less than a year into their marriage, the rumors of her infidelity began. She was executed on the Tower Green on February 13.

1. Catholic chruch had lost sight of a spiritual mission.
2. The popes did not set an example of moral leadership.
3. The priest engaged in misconduct.
4. The church became interested in income not saving souls.
5. There is no central government in Germany.
6. Tetzel began selling indulgences.
Martin Luther - Monk - believed in the Justification by faith.
He writes the 95 thesis. Takes the documents and nails them to the church do in Wittenburg. Martin Luther is banned from the Catholic Church.
7. Luther was summed to appear in front of the imperial diet.
8.Luther is commended to abandon his ideas.
9. Luther is banished from the empire his worms are banned.
10. Luther translates the Bible into German.
11. Luthers works and ideas continue to spread.
12. Luther stablishes the 1st prominent church.
13. The 1st denomination was Lutheranism.
Indulgence - buying forgiveness.
1. You have to pay.
2. If future sense, you buy in advance.
3. You pay for someone else to go to Heaven.

Giovanni Bellini

I was born in Venice. I was brought up in my father's house, and always lived and worked in the closest fraternal relation with my brother Gentile. Up until the age of nearly thirty I had a depth of religious feeling and human pathos which is my own. My paintings from the early period are all executed in the old tempera method; the scene is softened by a new and beautiful effect of romantic sunrise color.

In a somewhat changed and more personal manner, with less harshness of contour and a broader treatment of forms and draperies, but not less force of religious feeling, are the Dead Christ pictures, in these days one of the master's most frequent themes. My early works have often been linked both compositionally and stylistically to those of my brother-in-law, Andrea Mantegna.

          In 1470 I received my first appointment to work along with my brother and other artists in the Scuola di San Marco, where among other subjects I was commissioned to paint a Deluge with Noah's Ark. None of the master's works of this kind, whether painted for the various schools or confraternities or for the ducal palace, have survived.

          As is the case with a number of my brother, Gentile's public works of the period, many of my great public works are now lost. The still more famous altar-piece painted in tempera for a chapel in the church of S. Giovanni e Paolo, where it perished along with Titian's Peter Martyr and Tintoretto's Crucifixion in the disastrous fire of 1867.

Chapter 14 Notes

• The Black Death swept through Europe in 1347, which was a terrible plague.
• Plague began in Asia and spread along busy trade routes.
• It entered ports by way of trading ships, black rats on the ship carried the disease.
• Plague spread to people by bites from fleas on the rats.
• Deaths happened rapidly. Some entire villages and towns were wiped out.
• About 25 million people died in Europe from 1347-1351 (1/3 of population).
• Caused changes - faith in God shaken, workers demand higher wages, peasants staged uprisings.

• Geoffrey Chaucer - a midieval writer. Had great influences on literary styles and approaches.
• Chauncer born in England about 1340. Fought in France for about 10 years, served as diplomat thoughtout western Europe.
• The Canterbury Tales - one of most famous works, stories told from pilgrims
• Wrote in dialect known as Middle English. Later writers followed his example.
• vernacular languages - everyday speech that varied from place to place, spoken by people with little education.
• troubadours - traveling singers who wrote poems about love and chivilary.
• Dante Alighieri - a great medieval writer
• scholasticism - attempt to bring together faith and reason
• Peter Abelard - important philosopher of scholasticism
• Thomas Aquinas - monk of Dominican order
• gothic - a style of church architecture

Hundred Year's War

• Hundred Year's War - series of conflicts between England & France
• 1328 - last male member of France's Capetian dynasty died
• Edward III claimed French throne
• 1337 - Edward brought an army to Flanders hoping to gain control of rich trading area
• Wars continued for 116 years as a series of raids and battles
• England won many battles but lost war
• 1453 - France controlled all of England's French lands except Calais.
• 1415 - Battle of Agincourt
• late 1300s - king needed Parliament's consent on all special taxes.

Black History Month Bellringers

Sojourner Truth

-She was born into slavery in 1797.

-In 1827, Truth fled Dumont's farm and became a runaway.

-In 1843, inspired by preacher William Miller's prediction of the imminent second coming of Christ, she remained herself Sojourner Truth.

-Her original name was Isabella.

-She died on November 26th, 1883.

Oprah Winfrey

-She was born on January 29, 1954.

-At age 17, Oprah Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant and was offered an on-air job at WVOL, a radio station serving the African American community in Nashville.

-She moved to Baltimore's WJZ-TV in 1976 to co-anchor the six o'clock news.

-The last show of the Oprah Winfrey Show aired on May 25, 2011.

-In 1985, she co-starred in Steven Spielberg's The Color Purple as a distraught housewife.

 Langston Hughes

-Langston Hughes was a writer.

-He was born on February 1, 1901.

-He enrolled at Columbia University.

-He graduated from Lincoln University in 1929.

-Hughes received many different awards.

Booker T. Washington

 -Booker T. Washington was born into slavery in 1856, on April 5.

-His mother married a slave, and they fled to West Virginia. 

-In 1872, he set out for Hampton Institute.He graduated in 1876 and taught at rural schools for two years. 

- In 1879, he was invited to teach at Hampton Institute.

Muhammad Ali

-He had Parkinson's syndrome.
-He was born in 1942 as Cassius Marcellus Clay.
-He used the "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" method of fighting.

Harriet Tubman

-She was born into slavery around 1820.
-She was a spy, nurse, feminist, and social reformer.
-She was one of the leaders in the Underground Railroad.

Tiger Woods
-He is a professional golfer.
-He won two golf titles.
-He was youngest player to ever win the Masters.
-At 8, he won the first of six Optimist International Junior World Titles.
-He finished in the top 10 five times out of  his first 8 Professional Golf Association

Dred Scott
-He was born a slave.
-He waged one of the most important legal battles in the history of the US.
-He was sold to a surgeon.
-On May 28, 1857 he owner freed him.
-His bid for freedom remained the most momentous judicial event of the century.
Elijah McCoy
-He helped trains and all things with engines move more smoothly and safely.
-He was born in Ontario, Canada.
-He attended grammar school until he was 15.
-The only job he could get was a fireman.
-Elijah never stopped inventing.

Louis Armstrong

-Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, Louisiana July 4, 1900 (which is questionable)

-He became a Jazz musician and entertainer.

-He had many wives: Daisy Parker, Lilian Hardin, Alpha Smith, and Lucille Wilson.

-In 1947, Glaser put Armstrong in a group of jazz all-stars, playing a semblance of the old New Orleans style.

-He died in 1971.

Jesse Owens

-Jesse Owens was a famous track star.

-He was born on September 12, 1913.

-He ran in the 1936 Olympic Games.

-He opened a public relations firm.

-He won many gold medals in the Olympics.

Michael Jordon

-Michael Jordon was a businessessman and a basketball player.

-He was born February 17, 1963.

-In 1991, '92, and '93 he led the Bulls to and NBA championships.

-In '98 he led the Bulls to their sixth NBA title.

-Michael Jordon has three children

Clarence Thomas
-Hid first years of life he lived in a little shack.
-In 1964, he was withdrawal from the all black school and sent to an all white one.
-In 1979 he moved to Washington, DC.
Colin Powell
-He was secretary of the state.
-He was born in Harlem, New York.
-He was in the war, and was sent to Vietnam.

Benjamin Banneker
-He was the son of two slaves.
-He taught himself astronomy.
-In 1980 they began making a stamp to commerate his life.

Lena Horne
-She was an actress born in Brooklyn, New York.
-She married a minor politician Louis Jones.
-She has a biography, In Person: Lena Horne.
Hank Aaron
-He was born in 1934 in Mobile, Alabama.
-At an early age, he wanted to play professional baseball.
-When he was young, baseball began to integrate with the playing of Jackie Robinson..

Renaissance Notes

• Renaissance means rebirth
• Started in Florence, Italy
• Medici family brought the Renaissance (Lorenzo)
• Great Artist Leonardo da Vinici and Michelangelo
• Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel
• Sistine Chapel in Rome
• Sistine Chapel full of armed guards
• Pieta is 6 feet tall of Virgin Mary holding Jesus
• The last Supper is another famous artwork
• Is it better to be feared than loved or loved than feared?
• Yohan printed the bible.
• Erasmus was a Dutch scolar
• Tomas Moore wrote a book called utopia
• William Shakespear wrote Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet
• The flemish were the first to use oil on canvas

                                     

Facts

• Facebook and Youtube didnt exist 6 years ago.
• Wikipedia was launched in 2001.
• We are currently preparing kids for jobs that dont exist.
• Today's 21 year old has watched 20,000 hours of television.
• The number of text messages sent today exceeds the number of people on the planet.
• India has more honors kids than America has kids.
• 1 out of 8 married couples met online.
• There are 31 billion searches on google every month.
• 93% of adults own cell phones.
• The 1st commercial text message was sent in December of 1992. 

The Crusades Notes

• Selijuq Turks were muslim people from Central Asia.
• They gained control of Palestine (Christians know as "the Holy Land.")
• Went to attack Asia Minor (part of the Byzantine Empire)
• Urban II was a pope.
• He was eager to regain the land so in 1095 he called a meeting of church leaders and feudal lords.
• The meeting was in Clermont, France.
• Crusades a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land.
• At least 10,000 Europeans took up the cause.
• Latin word cruciata means "marked with a cross."
• Crusaders were people who sewed a cross of cloth on their clothes. 
• Some people believed if they died on crusade that they would go straight to heaven.
• Some went to save souls.
• Others went to gain land and wealth
• Some merchants saw chance to make money. 
•  Crusades appealed to love of adventure and promise of rewards.
• 1st Crusade lasted from 1096 - 1099.
• French & Italian lords led many armies of crusaders from Europe to Constantinople. 
•   Emperor allowed crusaders to pass through Constantinople. 
•   Target was the city of Jerusalem.
• Had series of vicious battles and then crusaders captured Jerusalem.
•   Slaughtered its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. 
•  European customs and institutions put into place in parts of southwest Asia and the Holy Land.
• Crusaders set up four small states.
•  Christians and Muslims grew to respect each other. 
•  Many Europeans adopted Eastern customs & began to wear Eastern clothes and eat Eastern foods.
•  For almost 100 years European Christians held on to Palestine.
• Turks won back their lost lands. 
•  Popes and European rulers tried to stop them during the 3 major crusades.
• 2nd Crusade - by 1146 Turks united their forces. 
•  Turks started taking back cities that crusaders had captured.    
•  1147 - 2nd Crusade began.
•  King Louis VII of France & German king Conrad III led seperate armies across Europe.
•  1149 - crusaders returned to Europe in disgrace.
• 1187 - Muslim leader Saladin gained control of Jerusalem.
• 3rd crusade - Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England led seperate armies. 
•  3rd Crusade - lasted from 1189 - 1192
• Barbarossa drowned on way to Holy Land so army turned back.
•  Richard couldn't capture Jerusalem.
•  Richard settles for truce with Saladin. 
•  Allowed Christians to enter Jerusalem freely.
• Pope Innocent III gathered a group of French knights for 4th Crusade. 
• 1202 - left on ships 
•  1204 - crusaders attacked & looted Constantinople.
•  Stole many things that were holy to the Byzantine Christians.
•  Constantinople remained under western European control for about 60 years
• 1453 - Turks seized Constantinople
• In 1212 the short-lived and unfortunate children's crusade took place.

Notes

Bathing-

1.       People bathed once a month.

2.       People wore the same clothes day after day, they only had one outfit.

3.       They used lavender flowers and mint in the water for cleaning. These were used to keep the fleas away because they had a lot of animals  and staw in their houses.

Chairman-

1.       The word chairman comes from the Middle Ages where a house only had one chair, for the exclusive use of the man of the family.

Sleeping-

1.       At night time people would pile onto a mattress, a lump of straw on the floor. The whole family slept in the same bed. If an animal was friendly they may sleep in the bed to keep you warm of course.

Troubadours-

1.       Troubadours traveled from town to town singing for their supper.

2.       His songs were often about love or the glory of kings.

3.       Troubadours would strum a lute.

Notes

Alfred The Great - had the Anglo and Saxons come together to be Anglo-Saxons

Edward The Confessor - last Anglo-Saxon king, he had no direct aire

Battle of Hastings - top 100 battles of world history, lasted less than a week, in 1066, between Harold Godwinson and William the Duke of Normandy

Harold Godwinson - Edward's brother-in-law, they thought he should be new king

William defeats Harold, William is given title "William the Conqueror"

William was Edward's cousin from France, and first to collect a census

Shyers - people who collected data of census (sheriffs). they wrote info down in the Domesday Book, which came to be the Doomsday Book

April 15 is Tax day

Henry II - succeeds Henry I, who succeeded William

Henry II was the grandson of William.

Henry II’s best friend was Thomas Becket. Henry II made a new law involving the church but Thomas didn't like the law so he went to talk Henry. Thomas and Henry II got in a big argument and Henry says out of anger "I just wish he would die". Henry II didn’t know that his knights were eavesdropping outside and heard everything he had said. The knights thought Henry was giving them orders and they followed Thomas to Canterbury. At Canterbury they stabbed him to death at the altar in the church on Christmas Eve.

John  was Henry II's son and he succeeded him.

John wanted to have a war with everybody. Then he started to tax the people ridiculously. Some was up to 87%

People meet in 1215 at Running Meed - conspire to fight against King John. To force him to sign Magna Carta, which was one of the foundations of U.S. Constitution.

Magna Carta is Latin for great charter

Magna Carta protected liberties of nobles and limited the rights for ordinary people King John agreed not to collect new or special taxes without the consent of Great Council. King John promised not to take property without paying. He also promised not to sell, refuse, or delay justice,or  let any accused person be judged by a jury of their peers.

United Kingdom

I would like to go to the United Kingdom because i think it would be cool to see all of the castles.

Notes

Lindsey- Bosnia

Bosnia is a democracy.

Bosnia doesn’t have a preschool.

The Toys are made to be simple.

The books in Bosnia are based on religion and morals.

Shania- Peru

The capital city of Peru is Lima.

The children play with marbles and coins.

The age to start school is three.

Faith- Brazil

The people in Brazil speak Portuguese.

The population of Brazil is 194,946,470.

Brazil is the only country in Brazil that doesn’t speak Spanish.

The children in Brazil like playing outside, jumping rope, and playing with checkers for fun.

The school year runs from February to December.

Caleb- Zimbabwe

The official language is English.

The children learn the importance of adulthood through a game.

Zimbabwe’s Independence Day is April 18th.

Mark- Greece

Ninety-nine percent of Greece’s population speaks Greek.

The toys in Greece are similar to ours in the United States.

The elves in Greece pray for the children until January 6th.

The people of Greece celebrates Christmas on the same day we do December 25.

Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.

John- Spain

The official language is Spanish.

The children in Spain play videogames, and play sports for fun.

The government is a constitutional monarchy.

In 1059 Portugal separated from Spain.

IN 1452 Jews were expelled from Spain.

Hannah- Portugal
Tops are popular toys in Portugal.

Christmas is on December 25th.

On Christmas the children write to Jesus instead of Santa.

Haley- Switzerland   

The official language is Swedish.

Rag Dolls are popular girl toys.

June 6^th is Switzerland’s Independence Day.

Samantha- Morocco

The official Language is Arabic.

Morocco’s alphabet has 28 letters.

Legends and Love poems are commonly read.

Preschool is two years and High school is three years

Casablanca is a popular tourist attraction.    

Their government is a Constitutional legislature.

Krista- Barbados

Fiction and Inspirational novels are the most popular kinds of books.

November 30^th is Independence Day.

Kristen- Japan

Tokyo is the Capital city.

The official language spoken in Japan is Japanese.

Kites are popular toys in Japan.

One tradition is a Japanese garden.

Sushi is a popular food in Japan.

Raychel- Italy

Italy's children's toys are similar to ours in the United States.

You have to go to school from ages 5 to 16.

The leaning tower of Pisa is a popular tourist attraction.

Karlie- Egypt

They speak Arabic.

The kids play a lot of board games.

They are a republic.

They have 80 pyramids.

They have a carved out sand cliff.

Paige- Argentina

The capital Buenos Ares.

Spanish is the official language.

The Magic Bean Tree is a popular legend.

Argentina is a republic.

Lunch is the biggest meal of the day.

Katara- France

The population is 16,742,000.

They speak French.

Their government is a republic.

The children get two weeks off for winter and spring.

Gunnar- Thailand

They have a king in charge of the military.

Thailand was a monarchy until 1952.  

Education is free up to age 17.

Thailand has one of the highest literacy rate in the world.

Their population is 66,720,000.

They drive on the left side of the road.

Dale- Panama

The population is 3,516,820.

They speak Spanish.

They celebrate Christmas, Independence Day, and New Year’s.

They have 6 years of primary.

Courtney- Scotland

The children’s toys are similar to the ones we have in the United States.

The food in Scotland is like ours in the United States.

Their vacation is called a holiday.

Count the Stars is the most common nursery rhyme.  

Josh- United Kingdom

The capital is London.

English is the most common language.

Cricket is a popular game played in the United Kingdom.

Chips in the United Kingdom are French fries.

Fish and chips is wrapped in newspaper.

The London Eye is the biggest Ferris Wheel in the world.

Viola- Ireland

Dublin is the capital of Ireland.

Ireland has similar games and entertainment as we do in the United States.

Ireland is a Republic.

April 1^st is April Fool’s Day.

They have three levels of education.

Abby- Madagascar

They mostly speak French and English.

The nursery rhymes are similar to the United States.

Their government is a republic.

Rice is eaten at every meal.

June 26^th is Independence Day in Madagascar.

Chase- Venezuela

They are a republic.

The common language is Spanish.

Kids have to go to a primary school from ages 5 to 16.

Sara- Sweden

The population of Bolivia is 9,880,728.

The Old Man and the Old Woman had a Cow.

In Sweden they don’t decorate their Christmas until one or two days before Christmas.

Most kids start school at the age of six.

Lisburg is Sweden’s oldest theme park.

Kelsey- El Salvador

Spanish is the official language.

Most children’s stories are bilingual.

They celebrate their holidays the same way we do in America.